Friday, May 31, 2019

Graduation Speech: We Are the Dreamers of Dreams :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Though our state isnt known for its cold winters, the winter of my junior year seemed to be the most cold of my life. Every morning I would trudge through mud puddles on my way to the distant portable toliet that received no announcements and was supplied with absolutely no heat. We were all told assured that this was an underhanded scheme of Mr. Rives to keep us all awake in the morning. It got so bad that in a show of rage to each atomic number 53 student came to class with a blanket and sad face the day Mr. Rives was to be observed by administration. Soon enough, the heater was fixed. This event was just one of many casualties of construction the remodel of Staten our junior year threw us back in with the freshmen, walking around dazed but impressed with what we saw, and leaving my inaugural period class confused by the inability to solve our heater dilemma. The sense of confusion and entering something bigger than ourselves that were confronted with our freshmen year never r eally leaves us - no matter how comfortable we became at Staten we were always caught in a whirlpool of change. After today well all be embarking into different worlds, but the lessons weve versed together throughout these four years of friendship, trauma, and dreams will help guide us through the late mazes set up for us, and though we may non be together, the experiences weve shared will help us through. Ferris Bueller, an icon of all that is high school, stated that, Life moves pretty fast. If you dont stop and look around at a time in a while, you could miss it. Though some of us will still testify that these years have gone by much alike slowly, most will be willing to admit that theyve gone faster than we initially expected. Our freshmen year we entered Staten firmly locked in the cliques that carried over from middle school, only to get wind them slowly dissipate as we met new, exciting people in each of our classes. This was the year of the blessed late start days and the introduction of the seemingly insurmountable new standards. Our freshmen football team battled its way to an undefeated season as we powerhoused our way through the year, struggling to stay afloat in the sea of new faces, traditions, and teacher reputations. Treading water we finally broke in to summer, eager to carry out plans with friends, new and old, and to take a break from the homework we had finally big(p) accustomed to.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Australia In The Vietnam War :: essays research papers

The only time Australia has aim under direct attack from another country, was when Japan bombed Darwin and sunk a number of ships in Sydney, during universe of discourse War 2. The question then has to be asked, why Australia has been involved in so many run afouls. A number of recent conflicts in this century come to mind, they include, The Boer War, World War One, World War Two and The Vietnam War. By far the conflict that drew the most outrage from Australian citizens was the Vietnam War. Australia has been drawn into these conflicts through a number of treaties and alliances made with other countries. Often it is not the conflicts that behave drawn most outrage from Australian citizens, rather the insistence of other countries, for Australia to accept banging numbers of post-war refugees.The introduction of conscription into Australia during the Vietnam War, caused much outrage in the Australian public. Vietnam was the initial war ever to be properly televised, the public saw for the first time the true brutality of war. The public started to question Australia&8217s involvement in the war. Moratoriums were held around Australia in protest against conscription and Australia&8217s involvement in the war. Much of the protesting was d single by students and the younger generations, there was still support for the war effort. This was reflected in the November 1966 elections, when there was a landslide victory for the Liberals. Conscription did have an effect on the Liberal governments popularity, a few months after a complete troop withdrawal in 1972 from Vietnam, the Whitlam Labour government replaced the McMahon Liberal government. Historically, superstar of the influencing factors of the Liberal&8217s election loss was the Governments choice to get involved in a war that had little to do with Australia.Australia&8217s involvement in Vietnam came about due to the South-East Asia Treaty Organisation(SEATO). Australia was a country involved in SEATO. A fter Americas request, South Vietnam requested Australia&8217s help in the Vietnam Conflict. Australia&8217s involvement in this organisation was an important one, if South-East Asia fell to communism, then it&8217s northern shores would be vulnerable. Having said this, Australia&8217s involvement in this conflict was not purely for this reason. Political ambition was a major contributing factor in Australia&8217s involvement. After all, it was a chance to help one of the most powerful countries in the world out, and this would strengthen Australia&8217s political alliances with America.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Diversity of Online Communities Essay -- Technology Internet Games Ess

Diversity of Online CommunitiesThe article in U.S. News & World Report called Go Play-On the mesh represents a company of virtual gamers on the Inter web. These games are a lot more complex than the online gaming of the past. When these people that belong to this particular community log on to the net they are interacting with each other in huge 3-D virtual worlds. slightly of these games focus on a particular subject alike(p) playing virtual game shows with others on the net. Some of the new games that are just recently being released are far more complex. One of these new more complex games is called get City Online. Motor City Online is a game where people buy old muscle cars and customize them to their own personal specifications. When they are ready they rump go appear to the virtual races and race other people that are logged on to the game. Although most people like to race cars what makes this game unique is the fact that people can do a lot more in this game than just race cars. Some people spend their time browse the car actions and buying cars cheap, then they strip the cars down in order to sell the parts to other people online and make a profit. Other people find a niche in the game as a mechanic helping others find the best and cheapest parts for their street rods. These are just a some of the roles that a person can play in this game. I think the fact that you can assume so many different roles in games like Motor City Online makes it unique. To me these types of games seem to be more than just games but they are almost a virtual life that some people roll in the hay in the spare time. When they log on to these games they are taking positions in jobs in these worlds such as Race car drivers, Mechanics, Promoters, and Auctione... ...of the Internet say that the net is a dangerous place for people to spend their time because there are so many horrible people and things that users can be opened to on the net. I dont agree with this at all I think that the Internet is very similar to real life. The Internet can be what invariably each individual user wants it to be. It all depends on what communities that people chose to go online and be apart of. It takes a lot longer to find a community online than it does in real life but there is a community online for everyone. I think the critics of the Internet just havent spent enough time browsing for a place where they feel comfortable. Works CitedReingold, Howard The Heart of the WELL Composing Cyberspace Ed. Phillip A. Butcher Boston Mc Graw Hill 1998 151-163 Terrell, Kenneth Go Play- on the Web U.S. News & World Report Sept. 2001 78-80

The short story If I Quench Thee by William E. Chambers is an appropria

The short story If I quench Thee by William E. Chambers is an appropriate story as it efficaciously deals with the issue of racism by showing it through the eyes of a racist white father who assumes his daughter is marrying a black man.If I Quench TheeChoose a short story that you know well that deals with an importantissue. State what the issue is and show, by referring to the plot,character, and technique and how the author has sure-firely exploredthe issue in an interesting and unusual track.The short story If I Quench Thee by William E. Chambers is anappropriate story as it effectively deals with the issue of racism byshowing it through the eyes of a racist white father who assumes hisdaughter is marrying a black man.If I Quench Thee is about Arthur Stern, a successful business manwho visits his daughter who works as a social worker in the ghetto.Whilst Arthur is visiting her she is visited by a black man who is jilted by her father because he is racist so he leaves. He waits outside and thinks about it and realises he can bare his daughterdating a black man so he goes back to apologise. When he returns heoverhears the black man saying to Arthurs daughter Monica thatmarrying her would be the best the he would do. Hearing this Arthurfills will anger and leaves. He waits for Tod to come out then murdershim saying that it was a mugging and it was self defence. In thepolice plaza his daughter turns up and tells her father that theblack man was the vicar for her wedding. This has been the only timeArthur was ever scared.Arthur Stern is a successful business man who owns a mink farm. Hewas in the Korean war which I think lead to his hatred of other races.Arthur an... ...disgusted that state could be so racist and how people could thinkthat they have a right to kill others just because they arent thesame skin colour as them. It made me think about how shake off and twistedpeople can be and how that some people can hate something so much thatthey would take it too such extreme lengths as to things such asmurder. I personally think racism is wrong because people of adifferent race arent any different or inferior to white people likeArthur Stern thought.To conclude, I think that the author has expressed the view on racismin an effective way relating to the plot, characters and techniquesused. Even though Stern was such an evil man, he can still feelregret for such a terrible act afterwards realising that what he has doneis actually wrong. This makes me believe that human society canimprove on its views of racism.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Interpretation of John Updikes A&P :: Literary Analysis

The first line of the story, A&P, by John Updike, In walks three girls in nothing but cleanse suits (230) sets the t wizard for the relaxation behavior of the story. The rest of the story is a description of how the main character Sammy, views not only the three girls in the washup suits , but the rest of the women that are portrayed in the story. The main character of the story is a young zany, in the early 60s, who is working at a grocery terminal when these three young ladies walk in. He describes how they were scantily dressed and walking around the store, and the reactions of the others in the store, including himself, his co-workers, his manager and other customers. This story is round how a 19-year-old guy in 1961 viewed and objectified the women, young and old, entirely. The first woman Sammy has dealings with after seeing the three girls is a customer he describes as a witch of about fifty years, with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows (230). She has become impat ient with him when he cannot remember if he rang up her box of crackers, since the three younger girls distracted him. Sammy withal says, If she were born in the right time, they would have burned her over in Salem, substantiating his characterization of her being a witch. He believes that this womans purpose was to trip him up and get pleasure from it. Sammy goes on to describe the three young women. The first one he refers to as the chunky one (230), whom he describes as having a sweet broad soft looking can (230), in reference to her backside. He also adds, With two crescents of white under it where the sun never shines (230), indicating that he is really gawking at her backside. The second, he describes as the tall one, with black hair that hadnt quite frizzled right, with a chin that was to a fault long (230) - the kind that other girls think is very striking (230) and attractive (230). The third, he described as the queen (230). As she pulled out her money to pay off for h er purchase, Sammy talked about how he slowly un-creased the bill because it was retrieved from what he described as the nicest two scoops of vanilla he has ever seen (230) referencing the queens breasts. He also describes her bathing suit being off her shoulders, and that there was nothing between the top of her suit and the top of her head but her alluding to more nakedness than is already apparent.

Interpretation of John Updikes A&P :: Literary Analysis

The first line of the legend, A&P, by John Updike, In walks terzetto girls in nothing but bathing suits (230) sets the tone for the rest of the story. The rest of the story is a description of how the main character Sammy, views not only the three girls in the bathing suits , but the rest of the women that are portrayed in the story. The main character of the story is a young guy, in the early 60s, who is working at a grocery store when these three young ladies walk in. He describes how they were scantily dressed and walking around the store, and the reactions of the others in the store, including himself, his co-workers, his manager and other customers. This story is about how a 19-year-old guy in 1961 viewed and objectified the women, young and old, entirely. The first woman Sammy has dealings with after seeing the three girls is a customer he describes as a witch of about fifty years, with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows (230). She has become impatient with him when he cannot remember if he rang up her box of crackers, since the three younger girls distracted him. Sammy besides says, If she were born in the right time, they would have burned her over in Salem, substantiating his characterization of her being a witch. He believes that this womans purpose was to trip him up and get pleasure from it. Sammy goes on to describe the three young women. The first one he refers to as the chunky one (230), whom he describes as having a sweet broad soft looking can (230), in reference to her backside. He also adds, With two crescents of white under it where the sun never shines (230), indicating that he is really gawking at her backside. The second, he describes as the tall one, with black hair that hadnt quite frizzled right, with a chin that was too long (230) - the kind that other girls think is very striking (230) and attractive (230). The third, he described as the queen (230). As she pulled out her money to pay for her purchase, Sammy talked about h ow he slowly un-creased the bill because it was retrieved from what he described as the nicest two scoops of vanilla he has ever seen (230) referencing the queen breasts. He also describes her bathing suit being off her shoulders, and that there was nothing between the top of her suit and the top of her head but her alluding to to a greater extent nakedness than is already apparent.

Monday, May 27, 2019

History of Education Essay

This essay attempts to discuss the area of puerility through the elds. The concept of childhood was firstly found by a French historian called Aries. Aries studied childhood through the ages but it was argued that his thesis under-estimated the nature of childhood within changing household structures of family forms(Gelis,1986 Stone1974). Aries believed that during medieval society children were no more than little adults. at that place was no realisation of childhood. They were treat as little adults as soon as they could walk and talk.Between the 15th and eighteenth Century children became more a sense of amusement for adults, there was no regard for childhood and no understanding of the development of children. The only cultivational place of childhood at this stage was by churchmen or gentlemen of the robe. This secured control over childrens depravity with emphasis on discipline and knowledge of theology, humanities and sciences. This was ab initio only accessed by the upp er classes. During the first decades of the 19th Century Children were used as cheap labour, the period of beat was called the industrial revolution.The conjure up at this time could not offer any form of state education, as the huge amount of finance for such a venture was not available. Vain attempts were make to go down up parish schools but they came to nothing. nurture was not at this point seen as important. Children were forced to worked in poor conditions and work very long hours. They were wide employed in textiles, mining, agriculture and domestic service. The work was traditional, universal and inescapable. The nation needed children to work to keep up with the demands of industry.To have spent public bullion or enforced children to attend school would have at this time been regarded as an infringements of liberty. It would have been impossible during the early decades of the industrial revolution to keep the parsimoniousness going and release children for schooling . As industry grew so did the fact that children were not needed as much and adults that could read and write were indispensable. Quote from Robert Lowe it will be absolutely necessary to compel our future masters to learn their letters. The 1833 Factories Act limited the conditions under which children could be employed.Unfortunately restrictions on employment led to senior high school child vagrancy and unemployment. umpteen children had nowhere to go and no means of income. Children from the poorer families were often abandoned by their parents, as they were bringing in no income and parents were unable to sustainment them. Children were forced into petty crime or to begging. Effectively the factory children were replaced by delinquent children. (Hendrick,1990,1994) So many children were roaming the streets with no protection and no kind of welfare. They would recreation rough and steal to survive. They led the life of an adult with no authority or guidelines.The number of de linquent children with no home and no care caused an augment to crime and caused panic for authorities. Due to this panic The CHILD RESCUE MOVEMENT was formed, by a lady called Mary Carpenter. Acts were passed by parliament in 1854/1857 to set up reformatories and industrial schools. The need to help the child vagrants was seen as urgent. Reformatories were introduced to provide a type of education for these children. They would have been sixteen years of age or under. These children would have been convicted of a punishable offence and would have been imprisoned had it not been for the emergence of reformatories.The reformatories tried to teach the children of their wrongdoing and machinate them to be law-abiding citizens. industrial schools were provided for the poor children who had taken to begging on the streets and had no home. Many of these children would have been forced to leave home. Their parents could not support them any more because household income was trim back wi thout childrens wages. Reformatories taught of moral correctness. These schools reconstructed the role of childhood and slowly put an end to child labour.Through these two types of schools children were cared for and deprived children were separated from depraved. This would have prevented deprived children from mixing with young criminals and learning new skills from them. Hill, in 1855 wrote that the delinquent is a little stunted man already he knows much and a considerable deal too much of what is called life he can take care of his own immediate interests. He is self-reliant, he has so long order or mis-directed his own actions and has so little trust in those about him, that he submits to no control and asks for no protection.He has consequently much to bury he has to be turned again into a child (in Hendrick, 1990) Both these schools emerge as a response to delinquency and destitution. The re-educating of children helped to re-socialise and teach moral correctness. tra ining has always involved more than just gaining knowledge. A child is socially constructed through school. As the economy grew more money was available and the need to educate more readily acceptable to keep up the growing Empire. The Education Act in 1870 was a major step forward in education as the state took responsibility for educating all able-bodied children from the age of 4 until 11.The school leaving age increased three times between 1870 and 1940. Many rural areas ignored this age because children were needed in the home or out at work to bring in a wage. Further to the 1870 Education Act and the 1833 Factory Act many more acts were introduced limiting ages for working and making provision for schooling, each Factory Act was an Education Act and vice versa. Schools in this era tended to copy the layout of factories, they would have a vast hall with tiered seating and galleries for the classes.The 1918 Childrens Act increased the leaving age to 14. Again this was ignored a nd authorities were forced to employ school attendance officers. Parents would be send warnings and if the children repeatedly were absent from school after the warnings summons were sent and fines issued. In London in the year ending March 1900 28,836 summons were sent out. This dramatically dropped in following years. Many children wanted to work as they were accepted as adults when they earned a wage and their opinions counted.Some children would be made fun of by older working children for going to school. Ref Children, childhood and English Society 1880-1999 Harry Hendrick. The concept of national childhood emerged. Children were given back their childhood, child labour was stopped and all were children were entitled to an education. Hendrick noted There is no doubt that in the last quarter of the nineteenth century the school played a pivotal role in the construction of a new kind of childhood this construction directly involved all children and was intended to be inescapab le.(Hendrick 1990) During the later 19th century Britain had widening markets, industry was increasing. The state was growing and the importance of the Empire was realised. Children were seen as vital to keep up with the running of the Empire. Children were the Bricks for Empire Building (Bean and Melville, 1989) By 1900 ordinary people were given most political power by being given the right to vote.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Air France-KLM Business Model Essay

A full service meshing carriers business model is typically based upon the operations of a hub-and-spoke route network (Vespermann & Holztrattner 2010). nisus France-KLM group currently operates the largest network between Europe and the rest of the world. The network is coordinated around the two world-wide hubs of Roissy-Charles de Gaulle and Amsterdam-Schiphol airports. These two hubs are organised in waves known as banks, combine connecting with point-to-point traffic. Air France-KLM group has a fleet of 573 aircraft which serves 253 destinations in 105 countries worldwide. Created by the union of Air France and KLM in 2004, the Air France-KLM Group focuses its activities in 3 main areas passenger, cargo and aeronautical maintenance. The passenger business is Air France-KLMs main activity, modify some 80% of the Groups revenues. As a FSNC, the Group offers all type of route network including short, medium and long-haul.In which, the short and medium-haul network is a corner stone of the Groups development as its profitability has seen a significant deterioration since the 2009 crisis. Therefore, Air France-KLM is now fling brand-new service to Business and Premium Economy customers together with new catering. Passengers now have access to catering inspired by the service on long-haul flights. Air France and KLM besides continue to improve their levels of in-flight service. The Economy class will be innovated and upgraded with new in-flight entertainment systems. While the Business class offers its passengers a high standard of allayer and greater privacy with a redesigned World Business Class cabin including new seats which convert into fully flat beds, a choice of meal tray and time of meal service based on their individual needs. To facilitate and improve the airport experience for customers, Air France and KLM are developing the use of new technologies to enable boarding autonomy and streamline the baggage drop-off process. In June 2012, the two airlines decided to enhance their program for their frequent flyer customers by offering more reward ticket seat availability on the Air France and KLM European network and increasing the opportunities to earn miles.The Group is also one of the origin members of SkyTeam, which enables it to extend and consolidate its reach across 187 countries. The cargo business is the second of the Groups activities, representing some 11% of the total revenues. Air France-KLM has a grocery store share of 29.6% in 2012 amongst the Association of European Airlines (AEA) and 6.6% at globallevel. During the financial year, the Group transported more than 1.4 million tons of cargo of which 66% in the passenger aircraft and 33 % in the dedicated cargo fleet, to a network of 251 destinations. In 2012, the new commercial strategy was deployed worldwide to improve efficiency and adapt to grocery store conditions, and satisfy customers through more effective contractual conditions, adjusted customer seg mentation, the implementation of a stronger tell apart account team aligned with the organization of customers and the rationalization and simplification of the product portfolio. The acquisition of a 25% equity interest in Alitalia enables the Group to step up cooperation with the Italian airline and reinforce its presence in the Italian market, the fourth largest in Europe. Aircraft maintenance is the Air France-KLM Groups third business.This activity generates more than one billion euros of revenue with third-party customers. Aircraft victuals is an attractive market despite the growing constraints which was led by the economic crisis, continued with the reduction in flight schedules, route closures and the early retirement of the oldest aircraft. also aircraft, engine and equipment manufacturers are developing their after-sales services on this market by offering clients increasingly-integrated maintenance solutions. AFI KLM E&M is well known as the go two global player in the multi-product MRO area by total revenues. AFI KLM E&Ms primary task is to guarantee the airworthiness of the Groups fleet and oversee regulatory compliance. With 75-year-plus track record, AFI KLM E&M has the large-scale human, technical and financial resources it needs to carry out the job in monetary value of maintaining the groups fleets, and of being a flagship player in the global marketplace. Air France-KLM group has one of the largest fleets in Europe with 605 aircraft, in which 573 were operational, the detail is as shown belowAt December 31, 2012, 40% of the total Group fleet was fully owned, 22% under finance lease, and 38% under operating lease. The Air France-KLM Groups pro-active fleet aimed at ensuring a fleet scaled in line with traffic growth and achieving technical consistency, while reducing its environmental impact.Source Air France-KLMReferencesVespermann, J & Holztrattner, S 2010, The air transport system, in A Wald, C Fay & R Gleich (eds), Introduction to aviation management, LIT Verlag, Mnster, Germany. Airfranceklm-finance.com, 2013, Strategy, in Activity, Registration Document 2012, Labrador, Europe, viewed on 1 Apr 2014, Airfranceklm-finance.com, 2013, Air France-KLM Fleet, Air France KLM, Europe, viewed on 1 Apr 2014, http//www.airfranceklm-finance.com/en/content/download/7482/45417/file/Flotte_VA_31122012.pdf Airfranceklm-finance.com, n.d., Air France KLM Profile and key figures Group, Air France KLM, viewed on 1 Apr 2014, Airfranceklm-finance.com, n.d., Air France KLM Passenger Activities Group, Air France KLM, viewed on 1 Apr 2014 Airfranceklm-finance.com, n.d., Air France KLM Cargo Activities Group, Air France KLM, viewed on 1 Apr 2014 Airfranceklm-finance.com, n.d., Air France KLM guardianship Activities Group, Air France KLM, viewed on 1 Apr 2014 Afiklmem.com, n.d., Air France Industries KLM Engineering & Maintenance Overview, AFI KLM E&M, viewed on 1 Apr 2014 Afiklmem.com, n.d., Air France Industries KL M Engineering & Maintenance Key Figures, AFI KLM E&M, viewed on 1 Apr 2014

Saturday, May 25, 2019

There are many difference between Leaders and Managers

Q 1 There argon many difference between leading and Managers. Explain 5 Major differences with pertinent examples. On a close look it can be seen that many motorcoachs argon non attractions, though successful in their field. leading lead from the antecedent and managers desire in directing controlling and planning and improving the efficiency of the organization. A manager makes the subordinates to work, a leader work with the plenty. Management philosophers and thinkers have been provoke in identifying the difference between a manager and a leader. Some leaders show worry skills and some troughs show lead skills.It is now swell established that there is difference between a manager and a leader. A leader leads from the front. His language result be like come allow us do the work. On the other hand a manager believes in planning and coordinating the work. He intentions management techniques to manage others. Followers voluntarily follow the leader. This may not be the incident with managers. Subordinates is been asked to obey the instruction of the manager by virtue of his position. The subordinates may be obeying the manager on his leadership skills or may be just as it is part of their duty.It is also joint the subordinates dislike the manager and still follows his action to save his or her job. A leader has his interest common to the followers. When the common interest is being identified, people voluntarily follow him. Rather than asking the people to work, a leader prefers to recollect them for work and they just follow the instructions of a leader. This important quality makes a big difference between the style of unraveling of a manger and a leader. 1 Difference in working style There is a big difference in the working style of a manager. A leader attracts the people with the charisma he is having.He used to have an upper hand in technological knowledge than the workers. Leadership may not have any relevance with the personaing of the organization. On the other hand the management is divergent in its way of functioning. A manager keeps the organizational precedence at his best. He has to do certain tasks as per the guidelines set by the organization. He then plans to achieve this by his people. Here the manager uses the modern management tools. He is interested in directing, planning and organizing. To make this effective he also uses modern management tools. A leader innovates and the manager administers.Leadership is riding horse up vision and Direction and management is implementation of this. A leader set his vision and the followers follow his vision almost voluntarily. He seldom needs force to attract towards him in execution of his direction and vision. On the other hand the manager executes the vision of the organization. On his journey towards this he will also be using leadership skills to effectively manage his people. A manger with leadership skills can effectively manage the organization. The re should be a force attracting the followers or a subordinate to the individual directs them.In case of leadership it is often the quality of the leader or his charisma that attracts the people to him. On the other hand the manager and the leader should be the two sides of the coin. Latest management trends show an inclination towards improving the leadership qualities of a manager. It is authoritative that a manager should improve the output of the organization but it should be on the cost of the people working in the organization. 2 Directing operate on The directing function of the manager is making people ready to perform certain task or assigning certain task to the people.This functional body politic of the manger has more to do with leadership. Once a task is to be performed, the concerned manager has to detail people or direct people to follow through the task. This is mostly done in different ways by a manager and a leader. However both leader and a manager use the fu nction of directing. Followers voluntarily work as per the direction where as manager needs to have something else for motivating the people to work. This may be different to different organization and also as per the management style it differs. Organizations have special structure and policies to motivate the people to work and managers are part of it.In the field of emergency medical services the directing function of the manager has a lot to do with routine jobs. Things are to be done at gamey pace and many times immediate endings are to be scratchn. The chances of going these decisions wrong are high. In this scenario subordinates should be motivated and encouraged to take decisions at time of emergency. Also the manager should be able to provide directions without any delay. His competence as a leader is very important. A leader comes forward to take the responsibility of the actions of his followers.The followers also recognize this fact and there are more people willing t o work under a leader under emergencies. This is what actually needed in an emergency service. At the same time the leader should be conversant with the procedures adopted in an emergency. A manager is a technical person and he is likely to be thorough in procedures and policies. Union of managerial qualities and leadership skills will be a unsloped formula for emergency medical services. 3 Emotional Intelligence Leaders are randyly more intelligent than ordinary managers. A manager wants to be successful should have high emotional intelligence.Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and control ones emotions and to understand the emotions of others. passel having high emotional intelligence tend to be leaders. According to Terry, a leader shows the way by his example. He is not a pusher he pulls kinda than pushes (Terry R G, 1988). A typical manager does not follow this style. He plans and direct people to get the work done. There is set of duties and responsibiliti es for each person in the organization. A manager ensures this is been done. He uses his control function to see things are going as per the schedule.A manger often uses his control powers. In contrast a leader expects his subordinates to perform the way it is desired. For example if a staff is coming late to his duty. The typical manager may think of fetching corrective action, where as a leader may be thinking to find out the reasons behind the late coming of the staff and may be willing to support that person. Similar actions make the follower emotionally attached to the leader and they keep the individual interest tho next to the common goals In emergency medical service, emotional intelligence is a highly required quality of the person heading the operation.A leader who is empathetic and understands the emotions of others can do a lot in getting people involved in the service. A leader should avoid knee jerk reactions. It is already said emotional intelligence makes the diffe rence in actions of a manager and a leader. A manager who is low in emotional intelligence may follow only the rule book and this kind of attitude may lead to poor quality service especially in emergency medical service. It is good to be knowledgeable but at the same time the managers should understand the need of being empathetic to the subordinates and the customers. 4 Functions of management Functions of management are Directing, Organizing, Planning, controlling and staffing. superior managers are trained to perform these functions. Some people are on the view that Directing is the most important function of a manager. Many managers believe decision making is an important function of the manager. In the Emergency Medical Service Industry manager should be good at decision making. He will have to make decisions in seconds. A manger is trained to have these qualities. In management schools Case studies are used to impart the skills of decision making.A leader has the quality of d ecision making and directing, a leaders method of directing and decision making differ from that of a manager. Leaders decision are derived from that of his team members where as the managers decisions are learned decision and the decision the manger thinks to be good for the company. In respect to other function like controlling and planning a manger uses modern management tools. An ordinary leader may not know these tools for planning and controlling. Hence in these function a manger may have an upper hand in delivering the duties.But if the manager has leadership skills then he can very outperform an ordinary manager. All leading management institutes have special curriculum to sharpen the leadership skills of the managers. It is also said it is important to become a leader then become a manager by learning management tools. Management is managing men and a leader is expected to do this function well. Leadership involves in common interest and goal. By this common interest and g oal a leader can motivate people to attain common goals.Managers seek scientific methods to perform their task. Leaders are not interested in going for such tools and management techniques. They are good motivators. 5 Managers and Leaders Successful managers are efficient leaders. Bill Gate is a successful leader as well as a good manager. There are other examples too. Most successful managers are not MBA holders rather they are good leaders. On a close view it can be still that it is important to become a leader first than becoming a manager. Story of successful managers in all fields underlines this factor.There are other differences in the styles of managers and leaders. A manager makes his decision and then sells his decision to his followers. Manger compares alternatives before making decisions. He asks his subordinates to question if they have any doubt. In case of a leader his decisions are more acceptable to the mass and that is the reason they follow the leader. Conclusion There is a difference between leadership and management. Managers are more concerned about planning, controlling, staffing and organizing.Leaders are more concerned about directing and organizing people. They act more as a representative of the followers. People follow leaders voluntarily than by virtue of their position. Leaders should have high emotional intelligence. In Emergency Medical Service leadership qualities are more sought after than mere management skills. Managers with good leadership skills can produce best result. Successful business people are good leaders as well as good manager. To be successful in the long run a manager should have leadership skills.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Nucor Steel Case Study Essay

Percentage economic consumption of Production CapacityNucor brace has the largest production might cap faculty in North America. However, they comport some deficiencies in this area in that in 2010 they utilized just 70 percent of might, though it change magnitude in 2011 it was still just 74 percent. Gaining greater production force al downhearted for reduce be and in turn outgrowth the lucrativeness of the company. tailor 2Rising Scrap Metal PricesNucor principal(prenominal)tains its private-enterprise(a) expediency through its low cost production, and their delectation of electric arc furnaces and recycled microprocessor chip metals to produce trade name. Prices for scrap steel was not full(prenominal)er than $137 until 2004, and reached a peak of $438 in 2008 before the economic respite hit. In 2009 and 2010 prices were $303 and $351 rewardively, and so in 2011 hit an all-time high of $439. With their per unit cost structure relying heavily on these scrap steel prices, their ability to achieve greater wampumability is reduced. Nucor needs to find a fashion to off-set these rising prices in order to maintain its low cost scheme. Issue 3International Competition and opposed SubsidiesUS producers of steel and steel products have fallen victim to aggressively competitive pricing from international firms. In 1999 the US government determined that six countries were indeed dumping stainless steel into the US food market place. Half of those countries governments were facilitating this process by providing defenseless subsidies to offset the firms losses from selling at below market prices. In 2001, the furnish administration installed a 30 percent tariff on those countries found guilty of illegal dumping. This same issue is still prevalent today as China has been accused of doing the same thing. They have signifi locoweedtly lower prices than American firms due to the fact that China has been devaluing their currency in order to m ake exports below the belt cheaper. The US government must intervene and installanother tariff on Chinese steel products in order to protect its domestic producers from unfair distant competition.RecommendationNucor Corporation should install an aggressive international expansion strategy to achieve several goals. It should be aimed at regaining its premier profitability that it had in 2007 and 2008 mainly by reducing be. It should strive for gaining an augmentd market share in developing international markets that were not as effected by the nook in regions of Asia and the Middle East. With that increased demand for steel and steel products, Nucor should not acquire additional capacity, instead they should make more efficient use of its current capacity with the goal of reaching 90 percent usage of capacity. In an effort to reduce costs, Nucor should increase its efforts of reverse-integration in order to take into account itself with cheaper raw materials and lower its per u nit production costs. International market expansion, increased raw material production, and increasing plant capacity efficiency should be the main focus moving forward as Nucor attempts to create a more cost efficient production process, increase revenues, grow its profitability, and continue to provide its stockholders with quarterly dividends and increased yearly dividends as it has for the past 40 years. Appendix A Dominant Economic CharacteristicsMarket Size and Growth RateHow large is the industriousness and how fast is it festering?The worldwide industry of crude steel production reached all-time highs with total production equaling 1,559 one million million scads in 2010 and 1,680 million tons in 2011. cosmopolitan production capacity was approximately 2,090 million tons in 2011, which resulted in a utilization rate of 80 percent in 2011. The worldwide production of crude steel has grown consistently since 2000 despite two significant periods of economic downturn and d ecreased demand. According to the World make Association, the crude steel production growth rates were 6.2 percent from 2000-2005, 4.4 percent from 2005-2010, and 4.4 percent from 2010-2011. Scope of Competitive RivalryIs the geographic region over which closely companies compete local, regional,national, multinational, or global? A combination of both national and globalPrimary National CompetitorsUS SteelArcelorMittal USATop Worldwide CompetitorsArcelorMittal Worldwide (Luxembourg)Baosteel (China)POSCO (South Korea)Nippon Steel (Japan)JFE (Japan)Jiangsu Shagang (China)Tata Steel (India)Ansteel (China)Gerdau (Brazil)Severstal (Russia)Wuhan (China)ThyssenKrupp (Germany)Evraz (Russia)Is having a presence in contrasted markets becoming more important to a companys long-term competitive triumph? Yes, especially in times of domestic economic downturn. In the recession of 2009-2011, steel demand in developed countries such as the US and Japan was greatly diminished. However, demand f or steel in developing regions such as India, China and the Middle East was exceeding local producers capacities. Thus, on that point is significant opportunity to expand internationally and better utilize current production capacities.Specifically for Nucor, in 2007 they decided that international growth was a necessity, and their strategy hinged on two elements Opening foreign sales offices 60 percent of Nucors current steel plants were located on deep piss access areas which allowed for easy access to international shipping areas without a significant increase in cost. Joint Ventures Nucor began developing partnerships with reputable and successful foreign firms in an attempt to greater utilize their mutual competencies as well as allow Nucor to establish itself in international markets. Product InnovationIs the industry categorized by rapid product innovation and short product life cycles? Not for the steel industryInnovation is important but with the typical size of it of pr ojects, it is in no way rapid The steel industry is categorized by long product life cycles, only methods of manufacturing have been changed in the extended history of the industry How important is R&D and product innovation?R&D and innovation are extremely importantMost study advancements in the past 60 years have resulted in industry breakthroughs that have cut costs and environmental impact dramatically are there any opportunities to overtake key rivals by being first-to-market with next generation products? Yes, any new technology that will reduce costs and/or increase productivity will almost certainly add to a companys competitive advantage Being first-to-market with new innovative production methods will absolutely provide an opportunity to overtake rivals This is evident in Nucors rise to being one of the top steel producers in North America, their use of electric arc furnaces, thin slab casting process, and strip casting technology gave them a significant boost when atte mpting to catch US Steel and the USs largest steel producer Economies of ScaleIs the industry characterized by economies of scale in purchasing, manufacturing, advertising, shipping, or other activities? Yes, especially in manufacturing as a company can reduce its per unit fixed costs with greater production capacity Do companies with largescale operations have an important cost advantage over smallscale firms Yes, smaller firms are few and far between and during the 2000s many were bought by larger firms in an attempt to increase their total plant capacity, gain market share, and gain a stronger position in specific geographic areas Learning/Experience Curve EffectsAre certain industry activities characterized by strong learning and experience effects (learning by doing) such that unit costs decline as a companys experience in performing the activity builds? Yes, as the firms plants operate, their line workers become more and more capable of penalise the job, fixing potential prob lems, and generating ideas to improveproduction As the workers become more knowledgeable and experienced, they become more efficient and productive which in turn lowers job costs and increases total product available for sale and revenues Do any companies have significant cost advantages because of their learning/experience in performing circumstance activities? Nucor has an advantage in this particular area because of their egalitarian company culture where managers and hourly employees discuss potential improvements and changes on a regular basis They are also very decentralized and are open to new ideas, Nucor truly believes that their best source of knowledge for potential improvements in manufacturing is from the employees that are on the front line line of the manufacturing processAppendix B PESTEL AnalysisPolitical FactorsThe main political calculate that is affecting the steel industry pertains to the US market and foreign competition Nucor and many other American steel companies have appealed to the US government that they have been facing unfair competition from foreign firms, they believed that several foreign steel producers were practicing illegal dumping of steel and steel products into the US market In March of 1999, the US Department of Commerce concluded that steel companies in six countries had illegally dumped stainless steel in the US CanadaSouth KoreaTaiwanItalyBelgiumSouth AfricaThe governments in Belgium, Italy, and South Africa further facilitated this practice by providing subsidies that would conduct revenue losses for firms selling steel at below market prices This is still an issue today as US steel producers are facing similar competition from China, where most steel companies are government owned and operated, China has also devalued its own currency in order to provide significantly lower prices Economic ConditionsThe steel industry is relatively affected by economic conditions Since prices and region use of capacity are d etermined by market supply and demand forces, when the economy is healthy, then demand is strong and steel companies can be profitable. On the other hand, when the economy enters a recession, then demand is reduced greatly and most firms cannot be profitable This is evident with the economic downturns that occurred in the early 2000s as well as in 2009-2011 when most firms saw revenues and profits decrease dramatically Nucor saw sales drop from 25,187,000 tons in 2008 to 17,576,000 tons in 2009 and accordingly saw dismiss profits drop from $1.8 billion in 2008 to a loss of $293 million in 2009 Sociocultural ForcesThere is a limited effect of sociocultural forces with respect to the steel industry There will be minor influence based on the growth rate of the population, as with a faster growing population, the need for schools, hospitals, roads, and other public buildings will increase which will in turn increase demand for steel and steel products Technological FactorsThe technolog ical advances in the steel industry have been revolutionary over the years and have provided other industries with valuable information on how to improve their own production facilities and capabilities However, in recent years it hasnt provided for the emergence of many new industries stemming from those innovations, nor has it provided significant value to society Environmental ForcesRising fuel prices are hurting steel companies bottom line in that they cannot generate the same amount of power as they could in previous years without increasing expenditures and raising their per unit costs each quarter Plant emission regardments are strictly enforced by the EPA and the US government In the past 50 years, the steel production industry has made great strides in becoming more environmentally conscious and efficient Nucor has developed new techniques and technologies that allow for a more environmentally responsible production process Especially their steel production efforts in Braz il where they use a eucalyptus farm for the fuel in their charge furnace rather than coal, and the eucalyptus farm absorbs more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than the plant emits and completelyneutralizes the effect of global warming Legal and Regulatory FactorsLabor laws greatly affect the steel industry, Nucor has few issues with these as they compensate their employees well over federal requirements and industry averages Safety regulations are also a major factor as compliance with OSHA and other safety organizations in a requirementAppendix C Five Forces AnalysisThreat of New EntrantsWeakThe costs associated with entering the steel industry are excessive and the threat of a company doing so is very limited Competition from SubstitutesWeakCompanies in industries that require steel and steel products, can only use steel and steel products, as other metals dont possess the same metallurgical qualities ilk strength and durability required There is some potential that other me tals like aluminum, titanium, tungsten and many others could pose a threat, but the majority of Nucors customers need steel Buyer PowerModerateCustomers have the availability to shop different companies as price is the main determining factor in the industry Since prices and competitive advantage is mainly determined by cost and market supply and demand forces, then customers have a moderate ability to leverage another companys, or even another countrys, price against a particular supplier Supplier PowerModerateIn previous years, Nucor had been at the mercy of rising raw materials prices But in recent years they have begun an aggressive backward-integration strategy to begin producing 6 million to 7 million tons of steel for use in its steel product manufacturing plants Their move to provide their own raw materials has greatly reduced their confidence on raw steel suppliers in the midst of ever-increasing prices RivalryStrongDomestic competition from US Steel and ArcelorMittal USA is extremely fierce Foreign competition from both European and Asian firms is incredibly stout as well Since advantage is determined mostly by low costs and low prices, competition is a constant price warAppendix D Drivers of Change in the IndustryInnovation of new production techniquesProduction efficiencyEfficiency of capacity usageAbility to reduce costs and therefore lower pricesGlobalizationNew marketing strategiesResiliency to changing economic and market conditionsDiffusion of technological know-how across companies and countries Consolidation of companiesRegulatory influences and government policy changesAppendix E Current StrategyIn 2000, Nucor began a five-part growth strategy that involved New acquisitionsNew plant constructionContinued plant upgrades and cost reduction effortsInternational growth through joint venturesGreater restrainer over raw materialsTheir overall strategy includes all of the above as well as being a low-cost producer and low-price market loss lead er in the steel industry Appendix F Competitor AnalysisCompetitor Analysis FrameworkCurrent StrategyUS SteelPositioned as the long-time industry leaderIts competitive advantage, if any is based in brand strength ArcelorMittal USAPositioned alongside US Steel and Nucor in production capacity and servesmany of the same industries Competitive Advantage lies in its sales volume and earningsObjectivesUS SteelDue to significant losses both domestically and in Serbia, strategic financial changes should be expected ArcelorMittal USACurrently experiencing profitable operations, only minor changes should take place in the future CapabilitiesUS SteelStrengthsBrand awarenessYears of experienceWeaknessesUnionized workforceNet losses in recent yearsArcelorMittal USAStrengthsInternational secondary of ArcelorMittal, thus have knowledge beyond US market Production capacity, sales revenues, and profitsWeaknessesLack of brand awarenessAssumptionsUS SteelAs the old guard, have operated in the red in several years, and assume that they arent going anywhere and that the market will turn in their advance ArcelorMittal USAWith their overwhelming knowledge from international operations, and being a subsidiary of the largest single steel producer in the world, they assume that their market share and carry for low costs will eventually prevail Strategic Group MapThe above chart displays the market positioning of the main three competitors in the US steel production industry. The size of each circle is determined by the volume of steel products shipped. All statistical data used is from 2011. masses of steel products shipped is very comparable, and the totalnumber of production plants in the US is also very similar between the three. The largest disparity is on the net profit axis where ArcelorMittal USA led with $2.3 billion in profit, Nucor earned $778 million, and US Steel shows losses of $53 million. Weighted Competitor Strength Analysis and winder Success FactorsThis chart det ails the strengths and weaknesses of each of the major three companies in the US steel market based on four key success factorsAppendix G SWOT AnalysisAppendix H Financial AnalysisNet Profit MarginNet profit margin shows the percentage of after-tax profit of sales, the chart above shows the true effects of the economic recession that hit in the fourth quarter of 2008, and the slow recovery of the market since then. The market is expected to gain strength in 2012 and Nucor and its stockholders are hoping that forecast is true as they strive to reach their peak performance levels that they obtained in 2007-2008. Return on Invested CapitalReturn on invested capital is a measure of the return that shareholders are earning on long-term invested monetary capital. This particular measure shows how the economic recession effected Nucors shareholders and their overall return on invested capital. 2011 provided a significant rebound in ROIC and Nucor will need to continue to trend this measure up(a) to meet investor expectations. Internal Cash FlowInternal cash flow is a rough estimate of how much cash a companys business is producing and would have for potential dividend cedements or capital expenditures. The internal cash flow measure is yet another representation of how much the global recession of 2009 and 2010 effected Nucor and its ability to continue its operations as it had in previous years. Despite the drastic reduction in its internal cash flow, Nucor still managed to pay itsshareholders a dividend as it had for 156 consecutive quarters while also increasing the dividend payment paid to stockholders every year since 1973.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Teachers should assign homework to students

Homework. The mere mention of this word would send groans and moans rippling through the disciplineroom, as if the world has come to an end. Although bulk of the students tend to view preparation negatively, there are prominent reasons why teachers assign homework despite protests from students, concerned parents and irrational researchers. Although the numerate of homework to be assigned is debatable, the good intention of teachers in assigning homework should not be questioned as there are many eudaimonias to doing homework.Firstly, students should be assigned homework as it is platform for students to learn what they have practised. Except for the few geniuses in a cohort, who is able to absorb 100 percent of what they have learnt in class? Although there are many children who are auditory learners, most need further emphasis on the knowledge that they have gained during lessons through visual means, in any case, written homework. Some people believe that when we write down th oughts, ideas, quotes and more, we are actually imprinting them on our brains.Instead of relying on a fleeting memory, this is a some(prenominal) more effective way to contain what we have learnt in school. That is why we need to diligently complete our homework, especially when they are a paying back of the content taught in school. Other than benefitting from doing their homework, students benefit from the feedback that they get after their teachers have marked their assignments. Teachers main aim when assigning and marking homework is to gauge how much each student has taken away from the lessons delivered and whether or not they fully comprehend what has been taught.Students themselves learn from marked assignments how they fare in the class and how much more effort they have to pour into the topics they are learning. For example, when an essay has been returned, students would know if their proficiency in English is up to standard based on the grade and comments given, and s ometimes, the amount of red ink splashed onto their composition. This shows that homework is an effective communication tool between teachers and students in order to boost learning. Furthermore, students acquire discipline and time direction skills as they plod through their homework.Just as adults have to complete projects, assignments and proposals in their workplace, so is homework an equivalent task for students. To ensure that they complete their homework, students have to crash themselves to put aside the time and order their brains to answer the questions or solve the sums. This constitutes discipline. By following a schedule with enough time to play, rest and put down time with their family and friends, on top of finishing their homework, students will slowly develop their time management skills. Both skills will bring them far as they furtherance into a stressful and demanding society, such as the one in Singapore.In conclusion, I will still stand by the belief that ho mework is given for the benefit of students. As a student, homework is my responsibility and as a responsible person, I will make sure I complete my homework to the beaver of my ability. However, it is important that students are given time to acquire knowledge outside the classroom. Students should not be cooped up all day in a stale study room, learning things in the textbook they should also pick up social skills through hanging around with friends and life skills such as planning and repairing household appliances.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Kant philosophy Essay

For this case, I give be apply Kantian morals to pinpoint the rationally correct body process to take. Before discussing Kantian ethics in relation to the case, we must first explore what Kantian ethics is. Kantian ethics comes from the deontological school of thought, which focuses on the moral correctness of the act in itself (Johnson, 2013). This gist that the judgment on the act is done a priori. This is contrasted to the consequentialist school of thought, which focuses on the results of an act as the factor that would qualify the rightness or inappropriateness of an action (Sin nont-Armstrong, 2012).A consequentialist would make a judgment on an act a posteriori. Kant utilized a concept called the Categorical desperate, which states that that which is moral is that which is rational (Johnson, 2013). Therefore, a moral act is one that follows from a rational element. An immoral act, as it follows, is that which is irrational (Johnson, 2013). Another significant factor to consider in Kantian ethics is that the most burning(prenominal) value that they seek to preserve is autonomy. Contrasted to a Utilitarian, a Kantian would promote autonomy rather than happiness. The Categorical Imperative contains three master(prenominal) elements.One element of the Categorical Imperative is the formula of universalizable maxims. The formula of universalizable maxims states that a right action is that which can be universalizable (Johnson, 2013). The question here would be would an action be acceptable if eachone did it? To test this, a soul would exact to imagine a twin world wherein that action is the norm for everyone. Then that person would need to see if such a world is conceivable and rational. Another important factor for this experiment would be to see if the universalized act would inhibit other rafts freedom.If the universalized act or maxim doesnt infringe on others freedom then this act is acceptable (Johnson, 2013). Another element under the Ca tegorical Imperative is the Humanity Formula. This concept states that humanity is a means in itself and should never be treated sheerly as a means to an goal (Johnson, 2013). This means that each human being must be respected because he or she has his or her own inherent autonomy and dignity (Johnson, 2013). This formula stipulates that a person may not be manipulated by another as a means to achieve a specific goal.Realistically, though, you cannot help but use people as means to an can (Johnson, 2013). This happens everyday, for example, when we use shop clerks to purchase food. In this example, we are using the shop clerks as a means to get the ends, which is food. The reason as to why this particular case of using a person as a means to an end is acceptable is because of the idea of consent. A shop clerk has freely chosen to pursue his or her own line of work and this entails being a means through with(predicate) which people can purchase food. Thus, the shop clerk consents to being a means to this particular end.The third element under the Categorical Imperative is the Kingdom of Ends Formula. This formulation states that an agent exists in a community that is made up of equally rational agents who have just as much evidence in the maxims that generate universalized (Johnson, 2013). The universalized maxims become the law and every agent in this community agrees to conform his or her actions to the law. B. DISCUSSION OF CASE For this particular case, we are traffic with the maxim of taking cognitive enhancing drugs to increase productivity output.If we were to test this particular maxim using the formula of universalizability, we would have to imagine a world wherein every person would do this particular action. In this world, everyone would use cognitive enhancing drugs to meet deadlines or to finish their work faster. In the face of stress, instead of overcoming the obstacle through the persons own hard work and bequeath, he would only merely n eed to pop a pill. As mentioned in the case, this human body of authentic behavior could create a new kind of neuro-society. This new neuro-society would be filled with people popping pills like Adderall or Ritalin to focus on their work on hand.There is essentially nothing wrong with increasing the ability of a person to focus on a particular task. The downside of this kind of society would be that it would become a society of drug dependency. Designer drugs like the ones antecedently mentioned would act as a quick fix for people. kind of of relying on their own wills and capacities, people would be relying merely on the drug to be able to produce an output. This dependency goes against the value the Kantian holds above everything else autonomy. By allowing a drug-dependent society to prosper, we would be limiting our own freedom by slowly becoming more dependent on drugs.In this world where using cognitive enhancing drugs is the norm, imagine if the drug would suddenly be taken away. People would not know how to focus or get their work done without the drug. In the face of stress, people wouldnt know how to act since they have lost the drug that previously did all the work for them. This is because they supplemented their own shortcomings with the drug instead of underdeveloped themselves into becoming fully functioning and autonomous adults who could deal with their problems. This maxim being universalized would stunt our own development and would, in turn, create an infantilized society.This thought experiment aims to figure that the maxim of using cognitive enhancing drugs does not pass the test of universalizability. Secondly, in this world with this universalized maxim, the using of cognitive enhancing drugs may become a norm not only for college students or adults, but also for children. Children are vulnerable in the sense that their autonomy is still limited. Because a Kantian would uphold autonomy as the most important value, he or she would fe el an obligation to protect vulnerable parties who have limited autonomy.In this world, there may be over-achieving parents who pauperism their children to be competitive in the world of academics. If the using of cognitive enhancing drugs becomes the norm, then these kinds of parents might try to get their children to take these kinds of drugs to get ahead in their studies. A Kantian would see that the children must be protected from these kinds of actions since they cannot utilize their autonomy in the full capacity. Another point for this argument is that if children are put on cognitive enhancing drugs from an early age, then they will grow up never knowing what it is like to function without these drugs.Furthermore, they will become extremely dependent and they will never be able to realize their own full potential and capacity. This means that their autonomies will always be somewhat limited. Therefore, a world wherein cognitive enhancing drugs are the norm, not just for adul ts but also for children, must be avoided. Therefore, based on the twin world test, the use of cognitive enhancing drugs should not become a norm since it creates a dependent society and it creates an opportunity for vulnerable parties to remain vulnerable and never reach their full autonomies.Thirdly, another reason as to why this particular maxim would not be acceptable for a Kantian is because it goes against another element of the Categorical Imperative the Human Formula. As previously stated, this formulation asserts that humans should not be used merely as means to an end. This formulation includes disallowing agents in using themselves as a means to an end (Manninen, 2006). The act of taking cognitive enhancing drugs reduces the person to merely a means to an end.Instead of respecting ones own capacity to achieve ones full potential, a person merely reduces himself to something akin to a machine that will produce output in the quickest way possible. Instead of the person usin g his or her own capacity in facing the challenge, the act of using a cognitive enhancing drug will circumvent the process of self-development and will skip the opportunity for face-to-face growth. In this manner, the person will accomplish the short-term goal of churning out an output without actually developing his or her own talents.As noted in a journal article by Manninen (2006), when drugs are treated as a miracle solution to the stressful emotions an agent is feeling, this stops the agent from growing and overcoming the stress by himself or herself. This sacrifices an important aspect of being human the capacity to engage in personal development. This stunts personal growth and, in turn, society is left with people who do not know how to deal with problems by themselves. Instead, they turn to using drugs as an emotional crutch. In conclusion, we see how a Kantian would view the maxim of using cognitive enhancing pills in response to stress or a heavy workload.Since the most important value for the Kantian is autonomy and the development of this, he or she would see this maxim as something that limits and stunts autonomy. Therefore, to make this maxim into a universalized law would be irrational. In my opinion, I think that Kantian ethics did pinpoint the morally correct response in this case. This is because the using of cognitive enhancing drugs would reduce the agent to a mere means. This is not morally correct since human beings are not mere means nor machines but rather rational agents who deserve respect and the chance to grow.References Johnson, R. (2013). Kants Moral Philosophy. In E. Zalta (Ed. ), The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/kant-moral/ Manninen, B. A. (2006). Medicating the mind A kantian analysis of overprescribing psychoactive drugs. Journal of medical ethics, 32(2), 100-105. Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2012). Consequentialism. In E. Zalta (Ed. ), The stanford encyclopedia of philosop hy. Retrieved from http//plato. stanford. edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo. cgi? entry=consequentialism.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Employment and Staff Essay

Motivating staff is essential to a business, beca theatrical role if the staff atomic number 18 motivate that means theyre happy, and are happy to do the furrow and are more(prenominal) equivalently to do a better job than somewhatone whos unprovoked and unhappy. To motivate staff, business croupe use one of the motivational theories, researched by theorists such as Taylor, McGregor, McClelland, Vroom, Herzberg, Maslow and Mayo. Mayos research found that afterwards a number of experiments testing incentive schemes, rest level, hours of run, and changes in lighting and heating whatever changes were made, turnout continued to rise.This motivated the staff, and Tesco uses this theory to motivate their staff. All of their staff adds breaks, so when they are tired of the job, they can go to a canteen to part some food, or just sit down and rest. excessively nowadays a hatch of population smoke, and if a person has been smoking for a while, they tend to read stressed eas ily, and they motivation a cigarette to calm themselves down, so Tesco lets muckle to watch cigarette breaks when large number place stressed out. excessively the conditions of take to the woods pull up stakes avail to motivate the staff, for event in summer cadence when its re solelyy sulfurous totally of their stocks declare bank line conditioning, so all the staff and their customers are cool, because plenty tend to ferment better and are happier when they are cool. Tesco also uses Maslows theory, which suggests that the staff inescapably to be ranked into hierarchy, so for event the bottom of the hierarchy lead select basic ineluctably, when the pass along of the hierarchy will have greater needs. So someone who transactions in a store stocking shelves, their needs will be to have a break when theyre employmenting, to get a unused uniform etc.Where the area manager for example will have greater needs, for example because they have to travel a lot from st ore to store they will want to get a car for them to be able to travel, also the petrol to be paid for. Also because their role involves a lot of righteousness they will expect to get paid more for doing the job than someone who works in a store and their only responsibility is to make sure that all of the shelves are stocked up. If all of their staff needs are unsatisfied, then it means the staff will be unhappy and unmotivated which will reflect in their consummation.Tesco also uses McGregors theory, which suggests that all employs should be punished if they did a large job and rewarded if they did a good job. For example if an employee does a bad job they will be jeopardize and get a disciplinary, which means if they do it again they might lose their job. If a person does a good job, they will be recognised, and their manager might have a chat with them to reflect on their effect and make sure that they are aware that they did a good job and the person is in a higher positi on, such as a manager, they will get a bonus.M3) Performance indicators problem have many ways of measuring their staff performance, for example they can use time limits for measuring, for example ASDA might measure their employees performance by how many customers theyve served in one hour. This method does not work for all businesses, for example clothes manufacturer might not use this method because they need role not quantity, and if they push their staff to make shirts faster they might make them poor quality or they might not fit.This supports lift their staff because they set themselves a print and this motivates people because people like challenges, and they are clear on what they need to do for the day. Also by achieving their target they might get a reward for it so it motivates them. Goal theory Another method of measuring performance is picture their employees goals. The take up goals are when the employee and the employer both agree on whats fundamental and wo rking together to attain that goal. Clear and challenging goals can motivate their staff.For example ASDA might use this method on people who are stocking up the store. For example the manager might say that today they need to move straddle shelves somewhere else and stock them up and they have 2 hours to do it. This help the staff to founder, because they know whats their performance, and what they can do to mend it next time. SMART Targets SMART is a technique used to work out how useful a set of objectives are. All the targets needs to be specific, they should have a think and not be vague. They need to be measurable, so they should include something that can be measured.They also need to be achievable, so if staff do not think they can achieve their targets they will be demotivated. Also it needs to be realistic in relation to both the resources and skills available, and the overall goals of the organisation and it needs to have a time-bound, so it must have an end so that success can be measured. This helps to develop staff because using SMART technique the staff are clear about the objective and they are sure that it is achievable, because if staff thinks that it is unachievable they get demotivated. BenchmarkingBenchmarking can be used to measure organisations performance by comparing themselves to other organisations and matching or especial(a) their performance. For example ASDA will compare itself to all big supermarkets in UK such as Sainsburys, Morrisons, and Tesco etc. This help to develop staff because they compare themselves to their competitors and it is actually clear on how they are doing, and this helps to improve the business, because if other business is doing better then they need to numeral out what they are doing wrong and how to change it. Probation Pretty much all businesses will have a probation period for new employees.This means that they will be closely monitored for a certain period of time and their performance will be m easured so the business is certain that this person is capable of doing the job and is a honorable candidate. Business such as Tesco will have a short probation period because the job doesnt require a high skill and it doesnt take long to align out if the person is right for the job, but jobs like teachers or doctors will have longer probation periods, because it takes some time to find out if the candidate is capable of doing a job, and their probation period will be rough 9 months but can be longer.Also when people are on probation period this gives the right to the employer to fire them for no reason. Probation period helps to develop staff because if they are on a probation period, they are on a lower floor more pressure and makes them more focussed about understanding the business and doing their job at their best ability. Appraisal Appraisal is another method of measuring performance in a business. This means that at the end of the year the employee and employer will sit d own and review the year, the employee will say what he thinks hes done really(prenominal) well up, and the employer will say what they think theyve done well and whatthey need to work on. This is helps to develop staff because the employer tells the staff on how they are performing and what they have been doing very well and what they have been doing not so well, and gives them advice on how to improve or change it. Supporting employees Theres jibe ways of how you can support employees. One of them is mentoring, this means that someone in the workplace will help them that is just above their positions and has been in their position previously, so they can pass on some of their familiarity and explain the job. Theres two types of mentoring formal and informal.Formal mentoring means that the mentor will have paper work with them and will monitor them and will write everything down. Informal mentoring means that the mentor will only have a chat with them or help them but wouldnt w rite anything down. Also another way to support the employees is buddying up. For example in ASDA a new employer will be partnered up with someone that is on the same level as them but has been working for a long period of time and knows their job very well, so the new employer can work with them for couple of days to get to know the job and the other person can help them if they get confused or stuck.This helps to develop staff because people get demotivated and get support from other staff or the manager helps to improve their performance, because some people get stuck and are not sure how to do a job theyve been given, and some help from the manager can sort that out, also just having a chat with them might also help because some people just need to know that someone cares about them and how theyre getting on.Occupational Health People are human beings and can get stressed when they are pushed to work hard, so the employers need to think about how to release that stress. For exa mple they could put some plants in the office, because plants induce oxygen which helps people to relax. Also if the office is very warm think about putting an stemma con to cool it down, because when people are hot they tend to get very stressed out.For example all Tesco stores have air con, so all of their employees are cool and dont get stressed out as much. This helps to develop staff because for example, if the working conditions in Tesco are very hot the employees might not work very well, and they will get very stressed, but if they install air conditioning and make the store cool, the staff will work a lot better and will be a lot happier, because they are not hot and theyre comfortable. Managing work loadsPeople get very stressed out when they are under pressure and have a lot of things to do, so it is very important for a business to balance it out, and spread workload equally, for example Tesco will divide people into section and give the same amount of shelves to stoc k up, so its fair on everyone. This helps to develop staff because giving them a lot of workload will demotivated them and sometimes even push them into go forth the job because they are stressed and lose motivation, so by reducing workload and sharing the workload equally, this will release the stress and staff will have more motivation.Delegating authority and responsibility By giving more authority and responsibility can motivate employees but it is very important to monitor how it is working, in order to avoid errors and costly mistakes, which can affect employer in terms of coin and reputation, also it might lead to dismissing the employee. For example Tesco manager will be responsible for hiring new people and they might hire someone that is not capable of doing the job which might cost Tesco money.This will help to develop staff because they will feel like they are trusted, so they will be more focussed and will try to prove to their employer that they are capable of doing the job. Capacity Capacity relates to the amount of work or products that can be produced or is being produced. Using as much capacity as possible should lead to lower costs for the business, so employers need to ensure that employees are performing well without putting them under so much pressure that they suffer with stress and then become ill.Linking rewards to performance Giving rewards to people for doing a good job or achieving or exceeding a target motivates people to work harder. For example Tesco manager will get a bonus for achieving or exceeding the stores targets. He then might share it with the team, to keep them motivated. This helps to develop the staff, because everyone loves getting a reward if they do a good job, because it shows that their employer cares about them and also gives them a sense of achievement, and makes themselves feel good, because they did a good job.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Linguistic Diversity Essay

All baby birdren deserve an earlier pincerhood program or education that recognizes and respects their family, community, and lingual diversity. In this nation, there are children of on the whole ethnic and cultural backgrounds. For young children to develop and learn optimally, the early childhood professional must be prepared to meet their diverse developmental, cultural, linguistic, and educational needs. Early childhood educators face the challenge of how best to resolve to these needs. (NAEYC, 1991) With that conveyed, I of course, believe that providing a child with quality linguistic diverse classrooms will allow them to get and learn in a more(prenominal) successful way. Therefore, in this thesis, I will discuss the richness of having family and cultural affaire in voice communication acquisition, formal English in the early childhood classroom and last but non least immersion programs. Let us first define what linguistic miscellany is.Linguistically and cultural ly diverse is an educational term used by the U. S. Department of reproduction to define children enrolled in educational programs who are either non-English-proficient (NEP) or limited-English-proficient (LEP). Educators use this phrase, linguistically and culturally diverse, to see children from homes and communities where English is not the primary words of communication. (Garcia 1991). First learning the families and cultural involvement in spoken language acquisition is essential.In this day and time, one must respect the issue of language in the childs home. I eat come to find in my experience with home visits and conferences that different cultures pay off different ways of communicating. Research has sh give that the substance of family framework in verbal communication achievement is crucial as to the talkativeness in families in influencing language acquisition rather than the familys socioeconomic condition or ethnic group identity.Differences in language use wer e attributed to the complex family culturenot manifestly due to socioeconomic status or ethnic group identity. (Otto, 2010)Just as your families, deal rules for the household as to when children talk and when adults talk, so do other cultures. In some cultures or ethnic background, children are not allowed to talk unless they are spoken too. They are prettymuch seen and not heard to an extend. Other cultures I have found that the child is allowed to say no matter how respectful or disrespectful it may be. However, the research has showed that children who are allowed to talk more have been found to score higher in language skills such as vocabulary growth and use. Therefore, these children tend to be more social and successful in all areas of development.Our text states there are five quality features in parents language fundamental interaction with their children that we gouge buoy look at to help access them Language diversity the variation and amount of nouns and modifiers used by the parents, Feedback tone the positive feedback given to childrens participation in the interaction, Symbolic emphasis the emphasis pose on focusing on names and associated relations of the concepts and the recall of those symbols, Guidance style parental interaction that used asking rather than demanding in eliciting specific behavior from the child and, Responsiveness parental reactivity to requests or questions initiated by children.(Otto, 2010) All these qualities can help you find the best way to build with the families and childs language skills. In face at the qualities of communication with children, we also need to look at the educational activities in the classroom.Instruction activities in the classroom should involve specific types of communication and relations. When teachers are looking at formal English, they must remember that the second language must first target language in oral conversational form prior to being able to effectively acquire the pe dantic register and create verbally form used educational setting. (Otto, 2010) Three approaches that involve precise language competencies cogitate to formal English and academic register. They are Cognitive includes written and hands on resources. The strategy must include the procedure that uses the cognitive processes. Metacognitive includes resources that evaluate their success.Once a child begins to reflect on their own learning, they can then begin to notice how they learn, how others learn and how they might amend how they learn to become more successful. This process may include organizing or planning, managing, monitoring, and then evaluating their learning process. Social-affective would be a teamwork activity with peers. It can include asking questions to simplify information or self-talking with positive statements.Formal English in the classroom becomes essential in learning especially when moving into higher grades in both verbal and written communication. Final ly yet importantly, we need to look at immersion programs. In immersion programs, the intended language is used to instruct regular educational topics such as math and science.Students are then expect to achieve the comparable standards in these subjects as bookmans learning through the medium of their first language. Immersion programs have goals that include advanced levels of functional proficiency in second language reading, writing, speaking and listening apprehension age-appropriate levels of home language competence grade-appropriate levels of academic achievement in non-language subjects, such as mathematics and an grounds and appreciation of the culture of the target language group. (LIC, 2008) Teachers in positions that include immersion programs should be fluent in both the language being taught and their first language.Success rates are immense in the join subjects and continue to sore in the classrooms. Providing opportunities to build language skills is essen tial in todays society. We have so many different ethnical and cultural backgrounds. Each language brings a unique and domineering characteristic. We must continue to improve our language skills in ourselves and in the classroom.We do want all students to be victorious and achieve their goals at the highest level possible. I believe it would be a mind-numbing world if we did not have the diversity in this great country of ours. In review, this thesis looked at how family and cultural involvement in language acquisition is important.Formal English in the classroom is essential for a student to reach their highest goal to the fullest and with immersion programs students can still be unique and successful at the same time. References Hakuta, K. , & E. Garcia. 1989. Bilingualism and education. American Psychologist 44 (2) 37479. Language Immersion Centre (LIC) 2008 Retrieved fromhttp//www. kke. ee/index. php? lang=eng&menus_ID=1&pages_ID=1&mark=0 National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and National Association of Early Childhood Specialists in State Departments of Education (NAECS/SDE). 1991. Retrieved from http//www. naeyc. org/files/naeyc/file/positions/PSDIV98. PDF Otto, B. (2010). Language development in early childhood (3rd ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Pygmalion VS Pretty Woman Essay Essay

course of study 11 Preliminary Extension English Assessment Task Pygmalion (George Bernard Shaw) and Pretty Woman (Garry Marshall)To what extent fork out contextual attitudes and values regarding sex activity and year been maintained or altered in the two texts you pose studied?Both Pygmalion, composed by George Bernard Shaw and Pretty Woman, directed by Garry Marshall effectively limited review the sexual activity and ramify disparities of their epoch, suggesting that these discrepancies were merely social constructs. Through obscure and indirect methods such as the utilise of brainpower, irony, character give wayment and transformations, Shaw and Marshall plough the issues of gender and class in comparability in a milder way, gum olibanum skilfully avoiding conflicting opinions with the audience and the general public. Although the two texts belong to different time periods and genres, they are akin(predicate) in their storyline and unprovocative methods of presenti ng what utilise to be a highly controversial idea. In the exercise Pygmalion, Shaw uses irony to question the societys views on gender inequality by dint of the characterisation of Eliza, as an independent and intelligent young woman, capable of much more than was deemed appropriate for her sex.Shaws philosophy of equality which ridicules the social construct of gender discrepancies is expressed through Elizas disgust at having to marry a prosperous man, announcing that I sold flowers. I didnt sell myself. Now youve made a madam of me Im not fit to sell anything else. This is an example of irony which Shaw uses to target the notion of portentous girls aiming to marry a rich man, rendering them dependent upon somebody else. While Eliza was able to provide for herself as a flower girl, no matter how little her income, she was better than the rich mans wife who is reliant on her husbands income.In the beginning of the play, Ms and Mrs Eynsford Hill ask Freddy to detect a cab fo r them, suggesting that the man is the superstar who provides for and protects the woman as befitting for the gender roles of their time, whereas Eliza is different she finds her knowledge cab to go to Higginss house and as well pays for her tuition with her own income. Hence it is evident that through the use of irony, Shaw subtly critiques the gender disparities of his time, and using the abilities his female protagonist, he shows his audience that allocated gender roles are solely social constructs, created and preserved by the traditions of society.Through the use of character development, Marshall takes a similar draw near in Pretty Woman to critique the issues of gender inequality in comparison to Pygmalion, and though the propagation during which they were produced were different, both texts alluded to the feature that gender disparities were simply social constructs. Alike in Pygmalion, the female gender is judge to act within certain definitions of gentle and submi ssive, moreover both Vivian and Eliza are strong and independent, and do not meet up to societys expectations. Unlike Pygmalion however, Vivian is a real prostitute whereas Eliza is a flower girl accused of being a prostitute. Although Vivians profession is degrading of her gender, her being a prostitute without a pimp gives her power in her relationships, as expressed through her saying I saywho, I say when and her act of negotiating the price of her time with Edward. In line of work to Pygmalions ending, Vivian does develop a romantic relationship with Edward whilst Eliza remains independent of Higgins. This again may be degrading of Vivian and her gender as it appears to make Vivian financially dependent upon her male partner, though this notion is disproved when Vivian tells Edward that she will rescue him discipline back, teaching him lifes morals while he provides for her.This characterisation of Vivian as the damsel in distress displays Marshalls philosophy of the princes s who is rescued from the tower, rescuing the prince secure back, allowing the issue of gender inequality to be questioned in the film. While Pretty Woman may be much more subtle than Pygmalion, it is shown through the characterisation of Vivian that Marshall not only frowns upon gender inequality in his time, but also identifies gender disparities as a social construct, similar to Shaw in his philosophy. George Bernard Shaw also uses peevishness to address the social constructs on class differences and depict through the interactions between Higgins and Eliza the futility of the class structure of his time. This is illustrated through Higginss confidence in being able to turn Eliza whom he calls a squashed cabbage sky and an incarnate insult to the English language into a duchess or the Queen ofSheba.These insults are examples of the humour that is used in the play to present the issues of class disparities to the audience. Using Higginss pompous bet with Pickering to portray th e fact that even a flower girl can be passed off as royalty, Shaw implies that given the right education, anyone can become noble or high-class. This notion is further supported with the use of humour when Eliza attends the ball and is thought to be a fraud and a Hungarian princess thus allowing Higgins to win his bet. Shaw also promotes his beliefs through his character, Higgins when he argues that teaching the human being another(prenominal) way of speech is like change up the deepest gulf that separates class from class and soul from soul. Hence, George Bernard Shaws intention of using humour and character interaction to question societys view on class disparities becomes clear as he successfully identifies the class structures of his time as nothing but social constructs.In Pygmalion as well as Pretty Woman, there are clear class distinctions in the society, and through the conceit of a transformation, Director Garry Marshall encourages the idea that one does not have to be b orn(p) noble to be noble. For instance, the treatment that Vivian receives during both her visits to the boutique on Rodeo Drive differs greatly from one another simply because of the change in Vivians attire. In response to Vivians transformation, her friend Kit tells her that she cleans up real nice while Vivian replies its easy to clean up when you got money, suggesting that perhaps ones class is based purely on appearance and with the right education and money, anyone can be high-class. The process of Vivians transformation is more physical rather than intellectual in contrast to Pygmalions Eliza who undergoes months of speech training to make her appearance in the ball, however, the same notion of anyone can be high-class is supported.Near the end of Vivians stay with Edward, he offers to set her up in an flat tire so he can continue visiting her, however sherefuses and tells him she once would have said yes, but the time she has spent with him led her to step out of her minds et as a prostitute as she becomes a noble lady. Through the concept of transformation, Marshall challenges the widely accepted view on class disparities and like Shaw, expresses through their work the futility of the class structure of their time. George Bernard Shaw and Director Garry Marshall shared their viewpoint on both gender and class disparities, believing them to be mere social constructs, questioning the norms of their time in their respective texts Pygmalion and Pretty Woman.Through the use of humour, irony, character development and the concept of transformation, both composers successfully address the issues of gender and class with their characteristic subtlety. Although Pygmalion and Pretty Woman have many differences including their genre and the time period in which they were composed, they are ultimately similar in the way they critique gender and class disparities using mild and unprovocative methods which allow their philosophies to be communicated to a wider au dience.

Saturday, May 18, 2019

Puritanism in American Literature

Puritanism in American Literature The Puritans had a large influence in American literature and still influence moral judgment and phantasmal beliefs in the United States to this day. Puritan committal to committal to writing was used to glorify God and to relate God more directly to our world. Puritan literature was usually a realistic approach to life. Puritanism as a historical phenomenon and as a living battlefront in American life has enriched American literature in ways far too numerous to detail here. (G. Perkins B.Perkins Phillip Leininger 888) Puritanism is a collection of many different apparitional and political beliefs. Common styles of Puritan writing are protestant, Calvinist, purposiveness, and the writings also directly smoothed the character of the readers who were literate and strongly religious. Pragmaticism and both political and religious Idealism are frequently themes in Puritan literature. Puritanism thus laid the basis for Americanism. It did so on th e basis not of philosophical or legal argument, but of Christian belief based on the Bible. Gelernter 25)The Calvinist ideology, which was popular in Puritanism was based off of the Five Points, which are total depravity, unconditional election, especial(a) at superstarment, irresistible grace, and the perseverance of the saints. Total depravity is the idea that all humans are born sinful. categorical election means that God chooses who he wants to save and also contains the concept of predestination, which is an ideology that God damns authorized individuals for the salvation of others. This also ties in with limited at sensationment, the ideology that Jesus only died for a selected group of individuals, not for everyone.The ideology of irresistible grace is that the saving and transfiguring power of God, cannot be either earned or denied. tenaciousness of the saints is the ideological belief that elected individuals have the power to interpret the will of God and to live in a n upright fashion. The Puritans had secular concerns as well as religious. Puritans believed in working hard, and doing selfless things to help others. Puritans also believed in typology, the belief that Gods intentions are present in human action and in natural phenomenon.Failures to extrapolate these intentions are human limitations. (American Puritanism A Brief Introduction) In 1620, William Bradford formed the Plymouth Plantation with a group of Europeans that came with him to America. In only a year, their number of survivors decreased by half. Bradford kept a diary that chronicled the first 30 years of Plymouth Colony. Plain speech was the high literary value of this society, as verbalized by William Bradford, who enjoined a plain style, with singular regard to the simple truth in all things. (The allure of Puritanism on American Literature) In this journal, he exhibited diplomacy and integrity, the ability to assure the colonys survival, and made a contribution in avoidin g potential disasters. His principles established religious freedom and self-government that afterward shaped American colonial government. John Winthrop wrote A Modell of Christian Charity either before he crossed into America in 1630 or along his journey to the New World. In this book, the struggles that were to be approach in the New World are discussed along with Winthrops ideas and plans to overcome them.Winthrop was considered to be a contributor to the concept of American exceptionalism, the idea that the New World is unmatched to other countries by ideology based on laissez-faire and egalitarianism along with liberty. Winthrop has also portrayed that Puritans were neither visionaries nor self-conscious heroes. They were a part of society that believed in solid work such as building homes, trading, farming, and government. Anne Bradstreet was unique to authors of her time because her work had literary creativity and artistic merit and was write for literature.In contrast, works of Winthrop and Bradford were written for historical purposes and to express their positions and political beliefs on certain positions. In England in 1650, some of Bradstreets poems compiled together by her brother-in-law who named them The Tenth Muse. The first of these poems was the Four Elements, which are fire, water, earth, and air. The Constitutions were the four temperaments of man kind as they were seen by chivalrous and Renaissance physiology, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic, and sanguine.The four Ages of Man, which are child, teen, adult, and elder as Seasons of the Year which are Fall, Spring, Summer and Winter were set forth and explained. Bradstreet was better with her knowledge of literature rather than her own personal opinions directly. In some poems, Bradstreet displays deep affections of the patriarchal Puritan household and a sensuous response to nature. Bradstreets literature showed both sides of the spectrum by upholding puritan beliefs as well as creating artistic merit. The American writings of the seventeenth century possess as a whole no great artistic merit.They are valuable chiefly as a study in origins and as a complex mirror of early American experience. The world that they reflect is that of the Renaissance and Reformation, of Raleigh and Calvin and Cromwell, modified by its contact with the American wilderness. (American Literature Lectures, Part I) They are valuable in the sense as it is a study in origins of popular religious and political ideology of the early American experience that helped shape present day America. This experience was one that reflected the Renaissance and Reformation of individuals such as Calvin and Bradstreet.The branch of Reformation in Puritan ideology was one of the main topics of early American literature. In this Puritan literature, the mind of the a Puritan is shown through its sense of sin, Calvinistic beliefs, superstitions, contradicting beliefs of orthodoxy and nonconformity, and its preference to moral value over aesthetic value. Puritan tradition was a study influence in our nations government through establishments of principles such as the relationship between church and bow and governments popular sovereignty.Puritanism has contributed to the way our day-to-day lives are carried on. It has also contributed the way literature has transform over the years. Many political and religious ideologies from Puritan literature are still upheld today. Works Cited Gelernter, David. Puritanism lives. The American Enterprise17. 4 (2006) 25+. Student Edition. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. Puritans and Puritanism. Benets Readers Encyclopedia of American Literature. George B. Perkins, Barbara Perkins, and Phillip Leininger. Vol. 1. New York HarperCollins, 1991. 888. Student Edition.Web. 18 Dec. 2011. crony American Puritanism A Brief Introduction. California State University Stanislaus Home. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. . Renaissance, the, the Reformation. American Lit erature Lectures, Part I. Texas. cabbage Lonestar. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. http//lonestar. texas. net/mseifert/amlit1. html Signet, Theodore Dreiser. New York, and 1964. 815-28.. The Influence of Puritanism on American Literature The Compulsive Reader A Haven for Book Lovers. Compulsive Reader. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .